





Indian Journal of Ecology (2025)
Source: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—specifically in joint studies alongside the National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) and the Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR).









Note Historic context: These are field observations from Karnataka, 2018–2022, not current national estimates or forecasts. They illustrate the economic consequences observed in the study and provide context for why earlier detection and timely intervention may matter for protecting maize productivity and farmer returns.







































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